John Charles Stovin, 1814-1896,
microphotograph slide maker “J.S.” / “J.C.S.”

by Brian Stevenson
last updated July, 2024

Microphotograph slides bearing the phrase “a photographic curiosity” are moderately common in antique slide collections and for sale at auctions. Most also carry the initials “JS”, although sometimes the middle initial is given, “JCS” (Figure 1). Stanley Warren (2006) presented a well-researched case which concluded that JS/JCS was John C. Stovin. Further evidence that confirmed the identification of Stovin was provided by the recent discovery of an 1881 publication by John Nicol, who wrote “Nearly twenty years ago I was presented by the maker, Mr. J.C. Stovin, of London, with a box of ‘London in miniature’ - a series of thirty-six microscopic reductions of stereoscopic views of London - microphotographs mounted in the usual way on slips of glass with glass covers cemented on with Canada balsam” (Figure 2).

Some Stovin photographs can be dated by their subject matter, ranging between 1859 and 1862 (Figures 4-8). How much longer Stovin produced his curiosities is not yet known. He was reported to have operated a photographic studio from his home between those years, with the house serving only as a private residence after 1862. Stovin is known to have produced about 120 images with “JS” labels and 30 using the “JCS” variant.

Figure 1. Examples of microphotograph slides by J.C. Stovin. The majority of his slides bear one, pale brown label and the initials “JS”. As Warren (2006) pointed out, the use of two initials on the “JS” labels achieves artistic balance. Others carry two yellowish labels and the initials “JCS”. The vast majority have labels with typeset descriptions of the microphotograph - the slide at upper right is a rare exception, with a handwritten description (presumably, Stovin's handwriting). Another producer of microphotographs, the as-yet unidentified “EM”, used similar labels, and may have been a colleague of Stovin’s, they may have copied each other, or simply patronized the same printer.

Figure 2. A microphotograph from the “London in Miniature” series. Stovin exhibited examples of this and ten other microphotographs at the 1862 London Exposition. According to Nicol (1881), Stovin expanded this series of microphotographs to 36 different views. Examples of several from this series are illustrated below.

Figure 3. A Micrograph set, with turned ivory viewer and circular glass microphotographs, attributable to John Stovin. As discussed in the text and by Stanley Warren (2014), the popular attribution of the Micrograph to John B. Dancer is almost certainly false. Other sets are known with turned wood viewers and/or 24 microphotographs.

John Charles Stovin was born August 27, 1814, in East Retford, Nottinghamshire. He was the first child of George Charles and Anne Charlotte Spilsbury Stovin.

Father George was an officer in the Royal Navy. Although Stovin only reached the rank of Lieutenant, he was frequently referred to as “Captain Stovin”, in that he once commanded His Majesty’s ship Algerine. It is for that command that he is best remembered, having been mutinied against. Apparently, while serving in the area near China during 1834, Lt. Stovin was repeatedly so drunk that his junior officers felt him unfit to command, locked him in his cabin, and took control of the ship. The junior officers were later court-martialed for mutiny, and Stovin was court-martialed for not having put up any resistance:

“A Court-martial assembled on board his Majesty's ship Victory, in Portsmouth Harbour .. for the trial of Lieutenant George Charles Stovin, late in command of the Algerine, on charges of repeated acts of drunkenness and unofficer-like conduct, committed by him between the 6th of September and the 4th of November (1834). The Court having heard and examined the evidence in support of the prosecution, and having heard what the said Lieut. George Chas. Stovin had to allege in his defense, and having heard the evidence adduced by him in support thereof, and having carefully and deliberately weighed and considered the whole, the Court is of opinion that the said charges have been proved in part, particularly the most unjustifiable conduct of the said Lieutenant G.C. Stovin, in allowing the command of his Majesty's brig Algerine to be taken from him by an inferior officer, on the 4th of November last, and which command the said Lieutenant Stovin, notwithstanding his then ill state of health, ought to have exerted himself to the utmost to retain, and to have commanded the officers and crew of the said brig to support him in so doing to the last extremity; but in consequence of the ill state of health in which the said Lieutenant G.C. Stovin was stated to be at the time of the said proceeding, and in consequence of the former active and intrepid services rendered by the said Lieutenant G.C. Stovin, and of his general good character prior to his joining his Majesty's ship Algerine, the Court doth only order and adjudge that the name of the said Lieutenant G.C. Stovin shall be placed at the bottom of the list of Lieutenants of the Royal Navy, and shall not be raised therefrom; and that he, the said Lieutenant Stovin, shall not be again employed in active service; and he, the said Lieutenant G.C. Stovin, is hereby so sentenced accordingly."

“A Court-martial was held on Monday the 10th of August, on board the Victory, in Portsmouth Harbour .. to try Mr. Charles Cardew, Mate, and Mr. Michael Heath, Acting Master, both late of his Majesty's brig Algerine, the former for mutinous conduct on board the said brig, in forcibly placing and confining Lieutenant Stovin, his superior officer, under arrest, and unlawfully depriving him of the command, and the latter for having connived at and aided Mr. Cardew in the commission of the said crime. The Court is of opinion that the charge against the said Charles Cardew hath been proved; but in consideration of the very peculiar circumstances in which the said Charles Cardew was placed at the time of the commission of the said offence, and of the long period during which he hath been under arrest, as well as of his testimonials of former good character and conduct, the Court doth only adjudge him to be dismissed from his Majesty's service, and to be imprisoned in the Marshalsea for the term of three calendar mouths. The Court is also of opinion that the above-mentioned charge against the said Michael Heath hath been proved; but in consideration of his having acted under feelings which had been outraged by a foul report respecting him, but in which report there doth not appear to the Court to be the slightest foundation; and also in consideration of the long period during which he hath been under arrest, as well as his testimonials of former good character and conduct, the Court doth only adjudge him, the said Michael Heath, to be dismissed from his Majesty's service, and to be imprisoned in the Marshalsea for three calendar months; and they, the said Charles Cardew and Michael Heath, are hereby respectively so sentenced accordingly."

Another scandal hit the Stovin family in 1838. Daughter Sarah Ann had married one Henry Napier Disney, a.k.a. Henry Battersby, a.k.a. Arthur Battersby. Unfortunately, Henry was already married. John Stovin was instrumental in tracking down records of the previous marriage. Disney/Battersby was arrested and tried at Old Bailey for bigamy. Being found guilty, he was transported to Australia.

Despite the scandals, the Stovin family retained a level of honor in society. For example, the children’s marriages were reported in The Gentleman’s Magazine.

From that resource, we learn that John C. Stovin married Mary Jones, “the only Dau. of the Rev. T. Jones”, on February 19, 1851. The 1851 census, compiled shortly thereafter, reported John and Mary to be “visitors” (boarders) at a home in Marylebone, London. John (misprinted as “James”) was described as being a “general merchant”. In 1852, John dissolved a partnership he had with William Bibbens and Robert Blagden, with Bibbens and Blagden continuing that business and Stovin taking up other work. Additional references on Bibbens and Blagden suggest that they operated an import/export business, so presumably their partnership with Stovin was in that same vein.

Available records indicate that Stovin participated in a variety of other business ventures throughout his life. The 1859 christening record of his second son, George, listed John’s occupation as “gentlemen”. While members of both the rich and the working classes might describe themselves as such on censuses, Stovin actually did move in affluent circles. In 1852, Stovin was involved in a scheme to raise funds to invest in Ecuador. He was associated with a mining company in 1862, Stovin was a partner in the Provincial Banking Corporation, Ltd., in 1865. In 1867, he was recorded as being a Director of the Oil and Lamp Black Company.

At the time of the 1861 census, John Stovin considered himself to be a “photographer”. PhotoLondon reports that Stovin operated a photographic studio from White Lodge, Keppel Street, Chelsea, between 1859 and 1860. His studio then partnered with Charles Thorp between 1861 and 1862, working from the same address. Stovin’s photography business appears to have ended after 1862.

The 1861 census listed the Stovin’s home address as “White Cottage, Keppel St., Chelsea”. Son George’s christening record described the home as “Whitehead’s grove”. That address was also given for “Stovin and Co.”, who exhibited “microscopic photographs” at the 1862 London International Exhibition. Additional records, including the 1871 census, refer to the 72 Keppel Street address, as “White Lodge” or “White Lodge, Whitehead’s Grove”, further confirming that the records cited by Warren (2006) do indeed refer to the John Charles Stovin in question.

At the 1862 London Exhibition, Stovin displayed both a group of microphotographs and a set of eleven full-sized photographs of London’s “principal buildings”. The published descriptions of those large photographs coincide with several JS slides labeled “London in miniature”, and it is likely they were from the same negatives. Examples are illustrated in Figure 2.

A report of the Exhibition in The Photographic News noted, “reduced copies of pictures for microscopic examination; the results, although partaking of the character of toys, may yet become of important application. Mr. Reeves (United Kingdom, 3144), Mr. Stovin (United Kingdom, 3163), and M. Dagron, France, 1546), exhibit interesting specimens in this class”. It is notable that this magazine ignored the microphotographs of John B. Dancer, who also displayed at the 1862 London Exhibition.

There is also strong evidence that Stovin sold sets of circular microphotograph slides and a small magnifier, with a Coddington-type lens (Figure 3). The microphotograph slides are only 19mm in diameter. Most known "Micrograph" viewers are made of turned ivory, although two are known that were made of wood. Accompanying instructions state that these devices were "exhibited at the International Exhibition 1862 Class 14". Although the Micrographs have often been attributed to J.B. Dancer, there is no evidence for that hypothesis, other than the fact that Dancer attended the Exhibition. Stanley Warren (2014) presented a compelling argument in favor of Stovin as the maker, including evidence that 73 of the microphotographs known to accompany Micrograph sets were also produced as 1x3 slides by Stovin, while only 13 of them match Dancer productions (all of the Dancer matches are common pictures that were produced by numerous microphotographers).

At the time of the 1861 census, the Stovins employed a live-in servant, indicating that they were moderately well-off. Stovin’s wife, Mary, died during the spring of 1861. On September 24, 1863, John Charles Stovin “widower, gentleman”, married Elizabeth Russell Curling, 10 years his junior.

A man of his times, John Stovin was a creative inventor. In 1865, “John Charles Stovin, of Whitehead's-grove, Chelsea”, was awarded two patents for improvements “in the means of communicating signals from passengers in railway trains to the guards and engine drivers”. Later that year, he was awarded patent protection for improved methods to clean cotton seeds.

Just what John Stovin did for the remainder of his life remains a mystery. PhotoLondon reported that the Stovin’s home served only as a private residence after 1862. Records have been located that document Stovin’s involvement with a variety of businesses in England through 1867. The 1871 and 1881 censuses recorded Elizabeth as living at their home, White Lodge, 72 Keppel St., Chelsea, London. John was not at home during either census, nor has he been identified in the England census as being elsewhere in the country. There is a strong possibility that he went to New Zealand. That hypothesis is supported by his long-term absence from home, his apparent absence from English census records between 1871 and 1891, the many records of a man named John Charles Stovin who operated mining businesses in New Zealand during the 1870s, and the 1881 marriage of a man who had the exact name of John’s younger son (George Foster Stovin) in Dunedin, New Zealand. If this was our John Charles Stovin, he later returned home to England, and died on April 3, 1896, at the age of 83.

Figures 4-7. Datable microphotographs by John Stovin.

Figure 4. Front page of the June 15, 1860 edition of the Times of London.

Figure 5. “His Royal Highness Prince Albert”. This image was taken in May, 1860, by John Mayall (1813-1901), and released by him in August, 1860 as a carte-de-visite and in an album of the royal family. This Stovin microphotograph exists in two label variants, without and with ‘the late’. Prince Albert died on December 14, 1861.

Figure 6. Microphotographs of boxers Tom Sayers and John Heenan. The two men fought a celebrated bareknucked boxing match on April 17, 1860. The fight was declared a draw. The two men were awarded championship belts on May 30, 1860, in London, then toured the British Isles. They performed an exhibition fight on June 4, 1860, in Manchester. This pair of microphotographs undoubtedly dates from the time of the fighters' popularity.

Figure 7. “70 Portraits of Celebrated Americans Including All the Presidents”. The collage includes James Buchanan, who served from 1857 until March 4, 1861, but does not contain a picture of Abraham Lincoln, who was elected in November, 1860, and was sworn in on March 4, 1861.

Figure 8. “£1000 Bank of England Note” (an item which almost all of Stovin’s customers could only dream of holding). The note is dated 28 April, 1859, serial number 52213.

Figure 9. “The Great International Exhibition of 1862” was held in London from May 1 to November 1, 1862.

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A selection of microphotograph slides by John C. Stovin, from the collections of the author and generous contributors, or adapted for nonprofit, educational purposes from internet sale sites.

"London in Miniature" Series

Portraits of Royalty and Celebrities

Collective Portraits of Famous People

Popular Artworks, Scenery, Documents, etc.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Steve Gill for generously sharing information on J.C. Stovin’s life.

Resources

Bracegirdle, Brian (1998) Microscopical Mounts and Mounters, Quekett Microscopical Club, London, pages 57 and 196, Plate 46-J and 46-K

Bracegirdle, Brian, and James B. McCormick (1993) The Microscopic Photographs of J.B. Dancer, Science Heritage, Chicago, page 54

Burial record of John Charles Stovin (1896) April 7, Putney St. Mary

The Bury and Norwich Post, and Suffolk Herald (1865) The Provincial Banking Corporation, Ltd., list of partners, Tuesday, February 14, 1865

Christening record of George Foster Stovin (1859) December 11, Chelsea St. Luke

Daily News (London) (1852) Ecuador committee, Wednesday, March 17, 1852

Daily News (London) (1866) Notice of winding up of the Rossa Grande Mining Company by John Charles Stovin, Tuesday, January 2

England census, birth, marriage and death records, accessed through ancestry.co.uk and genesreunited.co.uk

Electoral roll of Franklyn, New Zealand (1870-1871) John Charles Stovin, leaseholder of Lot 3, Kapanga, Coromandel, page 62

Electoral roll of Auckland West, New Zealand (1875-1876) John Charles Stovin, freeholder living at his business at Hepburn St., Auckland, page 34

The Gentleman's Magazine (1846) Marriage of John Held, R.N., and Mary-Ann-Elizabeth Stovin, Vol. 26, new series, page 314

The Gentleman's Magazine (1851) Marriage of J. Charles Stovin and Mary Jones, Vol. 35, new series, page 545

Giordano, Raymond V. (2006) Singular Beauty: Simple Microscopes from the Giordano Collection, page 58, illustration 112

Golby, F.W. (2006) A Century of Masonic Working: Being a History of the Stability Lodge of Instruction, Kessinger Publishing, page 211

Joint Stock Companies Directory (1867) Charles Barker and Sons, London, page 1289

The Law Times (1852) Vol. 19, page 2140

International Exhibition Official Catalogue of the Industrial Department (1862) page 51

Marriage record of George Foster Stovin and Jane Collins (1881) Dunedin, New Zealand. Accessed from familysearch.org

Marriage record of John Charles Stovin and Elizabeth Russell Curling (1863) St. Luke Chelsea

The Mirror of Parliament (1840) Battersby’s divorce bill, Vol. 2, pages 1517-1518

Newton’s London Journal of Arts and Science (1865) Patent 839, Vol. 21, page 373

Nicol, John (1881) News from the North, British Journal of Photography, Vol. 28, page 149

Patents for Inventions (1865) pub. by the Patent Office, page 713

The Photographic News (1863) The International Exhibition, Vol. 7, pages 227

PhotoLondon (accessed 2011), Stovin, and Stovin & Thorp, https://www.photolondon.org.uk/#/details?id=7428

The Standard (London) (1838) Court of Common Pleas, Charge of bigamy, Thursday, February 01, 1838

Taranaki Herald (1870), Advertisements, Vol. 18, issue 993, 15 June 1870, page 3

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1881) Geology, Vol. 14, page 424

The United Service Magazine (1835) Courts-martial, part 3, page 127

Warren, Stanley (2006) Photographic curiosity slides – the identification of JS and JCS, Micro Miscellanea, Newsletter of the Manchester Microscopical and Natural History Society, Issue 63, Pages 15-17

Warren, Stanley (2009) Studying microphotographic slides, an update to current knowledge, Journal of the Microscope Historical Society., Vol. 17, pages 35-50

Warren, Stanley E. (2014) The Micrograph, Micro Miscellanea, the Newsletter of the Manchester Microscopical and Natural History Society, Issue No.85, Spring, pages 14-24